Since the opening of EU accession negotiations with Ukraine in December 2023, Chapter 24 — “Justice, Freedom and Security” — has emerged as one of the most demanding reform areas on Kyiv’s agenda. From combating organised crime and cyberthreats to judicial cooperation and firearms control, the requirements are broad and technically complex. Experts from the University of Helsinki Rule of Law Centre, Democracy Reporting International, and the Centre of Policy and Legal Reform have mapped where Ukraine currently falls short of EU standards — and what concrete steps are needed by 2027 and 2030.